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When the temperature trends shown in Fig. 1b are divided by the multi-dataset global mean temperature trend at each grid-point, we get the spatial map of 43-year local Arctic amplification (AA 43), or simply local amplification when calculated for areas south of the Arctic circle (Fig. 1c). Values higher than one indicate that those regions are warming faster than the global average, while values below one correspondingly indicate a slower warming. The AA 43 maps for individual observational datasets are provided in the Supplementary Fig. S 3. a b c d "Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements". United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. 22 April 2009. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009 . Retrieved 30 April 2009. where d T/ d t A and d T/ d t G are the slopes of linear trends of near-surface temperature, calculated using a least-squares fitting for the annual and monthly mean values for the Arctic and global domain. The trends were calculated for different time periods (see Fig. 2a), but 43-year AA ratios (hereafter referred to A A 43) were chosen to be of the primary interest, because (i) 43 years covers the majority of the recent warming period when the warming has been approximately linear (Fig. 1a), (ii) the reanalysis products, such as ERA5, are known to be more reliable during this period because satellite remote sensing data on atmospheric variables and sea ice concentration have become largely available since 1979 73, and (iii) there is disagreement between ERA5 and the three in-situ datasets in the Arctic prior to 1979 (see Fig. 1a). Furthermore, the definition of AA naturally only makes physical sense if there is global warming on which Arctic warming is superimposed. Therefore, those modelled AA ratios for which the global warming trend was not significant according to non-parametric Mann-Kendall test 74 were neglected.
Chiang, J. C. & Bitz, C. M. Influence of high latitude ice cover on the marine intertropical convergence zone. Clim. Dyn. 25, 477–496 (2005).
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Tedesco, M.; Mote, T.; Fettweis, X.; Hanna, E.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Booth, J. F.; Datta, R.; Briggs, K. (2016). "Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record". Nature Communications. 7: 11723. Bibcode: 2016NatCo...711723T. doi: 10.1038/ncomms11723. PMC 4906163. PMID 27277547. The Great Bear Constellation Ursa Major". Archived from the original on 30 November 2010 . Retrieved 10 November 2010. The Arctic is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. Its precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow and is low, with most of the area receiving less than 50cm (20in). High winds often stir up snow, creating the illusion of continuous snowfall. Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40°C (−40°F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68°C (−90°F). Coastal Arctic climates are moderated by oceanic influences, having generally warmer temperatures and heavier snowfalls than the colder and drier interior areas. The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws. [9] [10] The melting of Greenland's ice sheet is linked to polar amplification. [11] Addison, Kenneth (2002). Fundamentals of the physical environment. Routledge. p.482. ISBN 978-0-415-23293-7. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 15 November 2015.
On 2 August 2007, two Russian bathyscaphes, MIR-1 and MIR-2, for the first time in history descended to the Arctic seabed beneath the North Pole and placed there a Russian flag made of rust-proof titanium alloy. The flag-placing during Arktika 2007 generated commentary on and concern for a race for control of the Arctic's vast hydrocarbon resources. [30] Map of the Arctic region showing the Northeast Passage, the Northern Sea Route within it, and the Northwest Passage.Hansen, Jim (19 October 2006). "The Planet in Peril – Part I". Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009.
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